Leveque, A.; Duputie, A.; Vignon, V.; Duez, F.; Gode, C.; Vanappelghem, C.; Arnaud, J.-F.

Aim Human-induced environmental changes result in habitat loss and fragmentation, impacting wildlife population genetic structure and evolution. Urbanised and geographically peripheral areas often represent unfavourable environments, reducing connectivity among populations and causing higher population genetic differentiation and lower intra-population genetic diversity. We examined how geographic peripherality and anthropogenic pressures affect genetic diversity and genetic differentiation in the protected southern damselfly (Coenagrion mercuriale, Odonata), which has low dispersal capabilities and specific habitat requirements and whose populations are declining. Location We studied two areas: one in semi-natural habitats at the periphery of the species geographic range (northern France) and the other more central to the species\' range, in an urbanised area surrounding the city of Strasbourg (Alsace, eastern France). Methods We genotyped 2743 individuals from 128 populations using eleven microsatellite loci. We analysed the spatial distribution of neutral genetic diversity (allelic richness, heterozygosity, levels of inbreeding, genetic relatedness), the extent of genetic differentiation, and population affiliations (sPCA analyses) within the two areas. We also examined fine-scale patterns of gene flow in the urbanised area of Alsace by investigating patterns of isolation by distance and estimating effective migration surfaces (EEMS method). Results Northern peripheral populations showed lower levels of genetic diversity and higher levels of genetic differentiation than central Alsacian populations. Although located in anthropised habitats, geographically central Alsacian populations showed high levels of gene flow, with dispersal events mainly occurring overland and not restricted to watercourses. However, the highly urbanised city of Strasbourg negatively impacted nearby populations by reducing levels of genetic diversity and increasing population genetic differentiation. Main conclusions These results showed the need for management action by restoring breeding sites and creating migratory corridors for peripheral southern damselfly populations. However, our results also highlighted the resilience of southern damselfly in central range populations facing strong urbanisation pressures.